NYCSEA

Abstract: Pharmaceuticals are very important due to their role in helping humans in many ways. People tend to flush these pharmaceuticals once they expire. Once flushed, it ends up in water ecosystems, which affects both the water and the different organisms that inhabit those environments. One organism that pharmaceuticals can affect is Chlorophyta, or better known as Green algae. Cetirizine and Loratadine, or more commonly referred to as Zyrtec and Claritin, are medicines used for allergy purposes that will be used for this study. 

In this research study, numerous items were used. These items consisted of the Chlorophyta plant, the two pharmaceuticals (in serum form), a hood fume, pipettes, graduated cylinders, a beaker, test tubes, 1 1000mL wheaton bottle, 5 125mL wheaton bottles, water, and 5 250mL erlenmeyer flasks.

Concentrations (10%, 1%, .1%, .01%, 0%) of the pharmaceuticals were made by measuring 90mL of water and 10mL of each pharmaceutical. The Zyrtec concentrations were poured into 125mL wheaton bottles, while the Claritin concentrations were poured into 250 ml erlenmeyer flasks. 5mL of Chlorophyta was then pipetted into 45 test tubes to later have the concentration percents pipetted into them. Data was collected by using a spectrophotometer daily.

As a result, it is unclear whether the hypothesis was supported or not. For future research, it is recommended to use different pharmaceuticals, try a different type of algae, see what specific ingredients cause the medicine to affect the algae, etc.

Keywords: Chlorophyta, Cetirizine, Loratadine, Pharmaceuticals, Concentrations

References

1. Algae in Aquatic Ecosystems Office of Water Quality. In.gov. Retrieved 15 January 2022, from https://www.in.gov/idem/files/factsheet_owq_sw_algae_aquatic.pdf. 
2. Buser, H., Poiger, T., & Müller, M. (1999). Occurrence and Environmental Behavior of the Chiral Pharmaceutical Drug Ibuprofen in Surface Waters and in Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(15), 2529-2535. https://doi.org/10.1021/es981014w       
3. Clissold, S., Sorkin, E., & Goa, K. (1989). Loratadine. Drugs, 37(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198937010-00003 
4. Corsico, A., Leonardi, S., Licari, A., Marseglia, G., Miraglia del Giudice, M., & Peroni, D. et al. (2019). Focus on the cetirizine use in clinical practice: a reappraisal 30 years later. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-019-0203-6 
5. Xing, R., Ma, W., Shao, Y., Cao, X., Chen, L., & Jiang, A. (2019). Factors that affect the growth and photosynthesis of the filamentous green algae, Chaetomorpha valida, in static sea cucumber aquaculture ponds with high salinity and high pH. Peerj, 7, e6468. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6468 
6. Xin, X., Huang, G., & Zhang, B. (2021). Review of aquatic toxicity of pharmaceuticals and personal care products to algae. Journal Of Hazardous Materials, 410, 124619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124619 

Abstract: According to the CDC, 3 million people are treated yearly for fall-related injuries. Fall has become a major public health problem and the second leading cause of unintentional deaths. Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, visual impairment, and neuropathy are just a few of the illnesses that can increase the risk of falling. The purpose of this experiment was to use a fall detection algorithm to create a protective mechanism. An algorithm was developed with the use of Arduino and tri-axial accelerometers and gyro sensors. After calibrating the sensors accurately and coding in the Arduino IDE, the accelerometers were placed on a CPR manikin to model the fall of a person. After recording the slant height of the manikin during its fall, the data illustrated that the tilt of 67.01 degrees and the coordinates of (7.78, -4.08, and 8.79) is when the gear must be triggered. Through the aggregation of data,  the ideal location to place the sensors was identified. Using this data, an appropriate airbag mechanism was designed. This is particularly helpful in cases where the elderly have a fall.  The expansion of this project to a global scale can save millions of lives and prevent injuries from other accidental falls. 

Keywords: Epilepsy, Algorithm, Seizures, Fall, Tonic-Clonic

References

1. Verma, Santosh K, et al. “Falls and Fall-Related Injuries among Community-Dwelling Adults in the United States.” PloS One, Public Library of Science, 15 Mar. 2016, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4792421

2.   “Bone Fractures.” Bone Fractures - Better Health Channel, https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bone-fractures. 

3.  NHS Choices, NHS, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/symptoms/#:~:text=A%20tonic%2Dclonic%20seizure%2C%20previously,may%20fall%20to%20the%20floor. 

4. “Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizures.” Johns Hopkins Medicine, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/epilepsy/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizures. 

5. “Preventing Epilepsy.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/preventing-epilepsy.htm#:~:text=Use%20safety%20belts%2C%20child%20passenger,of%20brain%20injuries%20from%20falls.

Abstract: Detritus from riverine inputs and hurricanes is a source of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments, the optically active form of which is called chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), or gelbstoff. The absorption due to CDOM (aCDOM) has been studied remotely, although the absence of standard corrections renders accurate aCDOM estimations difficult. A study conducted on the eastern US seaboard demonstrated the applicability of a novel algorithm for measuring aCDOM (Mannino et al., 2008). The current study adapted this algorithm to analyze the impacts of storms, including Hudson River floods and Atlantic hurricanes, on aCDOM in the NY/NJ Bight between 2002 and 2021. The aCDOM results were also compared to an existing measure for gelbstoff in the OceanColor database; furthermore, chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a) were considered, as algae impedes accurate aCDOM analysis. The study found that the adapted algorithm correlated accurately with the existing OceanColor gelbstoff algorithm. Although evidence of a positive relationship between hurricanes and aCDOM was demonstrated, the pattern was inconsistent and may have been influenced by algal contributions to satellite measurements. Future experimenters should continue testing the algorithm’s applicability. In situ measurements of aCDOM are also critical to distinguishing detritus inputs from algal inputs. Dissolved organic matter includes organic carbon; thus, isolating aCDOM measurements accurately can provide insight into changes and patterns in the global carbon cycle.

Keywords:  Detritus, riverine inputs, dissolved organic matter, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), absorption due to CDOM (aCDOM)

References

Aurin, D., Mannino, A., & Lary, D. J. (2018, December 19). Remote Sensing of CDOM, CDOM spectral slope, and dissolved organic carbon in the Global Ocean. MDPI. Retrieved September 2021, from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/12/2687.

Blough, N. V. (2001). Photochemical Processes. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227430X000726.

Brezonik, P., Menken, K. D., & Bauer, M. (2005). Landsat-based remote sensing of lake water quality ... Lake and Reservoir Management. Retrieved October 2021, from https://rs.umn.edu/sites/rs.umn.edu/files/Landsat--Lake_%26_Reservoir_Management.pd f.

Busing, R. T., White, R. D., Harmon, M. E., & White, P. S. (2008). Hurricane disturbance in a temperate deciduous ... - springer. Forest Ecology. Retrieved October 2021, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_26.

Coelho, C., Heim, B., Foerster, S., Brosinsky, A., & de Araújo, J. C. (2017, December 4). In Situ and Satellite Observation of CDOM and Chlorophyll-a Dynamics in Small Water Surface Reservoirs in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. Water. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/12/913.

Filella, M., & Rodríguez-Murillo, J. (2014). Long-term Trends of Organic Carbon Concentrations in Freshwaters: Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Evidence. Water, 6(5), 1360–1418. doi:10.3390/w6051360

Gallard, H., von Gunten, U., 2002. Chlorination of phenols: kinetics and formation of chloroform. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 884–890.

Garrison, T. (2005). Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science. National Geographic Society.

Slonecker, E. T., Jones, D. K., & Pellerin, B. A. (2016, June 30). The new Landsat 8 potential for

remote sensing of Colored Dissolved Organic matter (CDOM). Marine Pollution Bulletin.

Tropical Depression EIGHTEEN. Tropical depression eighteen. (2012, October 22). Retrieved 2021, from https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2012/al18/al182012.fstadv.001.shtml.

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Abstract: Fluid mechanics and computational analysis are useful for examining the stability and properties of the various types of airfoils used in turbine blades. With the use of computational simulation aid, the fluid dynamic properties and effectiveness of the airfoils with different shapes of mean camber line and the maximum camber were examined. This study was to find the effective turbine blade shape. Different shapes of airfoils were created by using NACA 4-digit Airfoil Generator, and computational simulations were performed. For each different type of airfoils, lift(Cl) vs. drag(Cd), lift vs. angle of attack(alpha), lift/drag vs. angle of attack, and drag vs. angle of attack are found and analyzed to find if there is a correlation between them. The presented results show that all the correlations between the dependent variables and independent variables change a lot as the Reynold number(Re) changes.vThe Cd vs. Alpha was found for varying Reynold numbers. 

Keywords:  NACA 4-digit Airfoil Generator, computational simulations, lift(Cl) vs. drag(Cd), lift vs. angle of attack(alpha), lift/drag vs. angle of attack, and drag vs. angle

References

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Abstract: Cancer plagues the human population disparately across race and sex, yet research is severely lacking in discovering biological contributors to lopsided incidence and mortality. While past studies have focused on genetic mutations, this study is the first to combine epigenetic analysis with pancreatic cancer (PC) population oncology to investigate poorly understood male and African American (AA)-specific PC incidence-- male vs female PC incidence is 5.5 per 100,000 vs 4.0 per 100,000, and AAs have up to 90% higher incidence than white patients. Data obtained from an Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) study was computationally analyzed, and variable chromatin accessibility was demonstrated (p<.05). Y Chromosome differential accessibility analyses were subsequently performed, and significant accessibility increases were apparent in the progression to malignant tissue (p<.05), indicating an epigenetic role in increased male PC incidence. A racial analysis was then performed via KEGG pathway analysis, and driver genes of PC were found to be correlated with significantly variable methylation in AAs. This research discovered epigenetic variability correlated with 41 gene families that may contribute to higher male and AA-specific PC incidence. The discovered PC contributors can be further investigated to develop targeted therapies and population-specific screening methods, and this research methodology can be used to uncover similar contributors to population disparities in other diseases.  

Keywords:  pancreatic cancer (PC), population oncology, African American (AA)-specific PC incidence, racial analysis, KEGG pathway analysis

References

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2. Bale T. L. (2014). Lifetime stress experience: transgenerational epigenetics and germ cell programming. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 16(3), 297–305.

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4. Davie K, Jacobs J, Atkins M, Potier D, Christiaens V, Halder G, et al. (2015). Discovery of Transcription Factors and Regulatory Regions Driving In Vivo Tumor Development by ATAC-seq and FAIRE-seq Open Chromatin Profiling. PLoS Genet, 11(2): e1004994. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004994

5. Frayling T. M. (2014). Genome-wide association studies: the good, the bad and the ugly. Clinical medicine (London, England), 14(4), 428–431. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.14-4-428

6. Freelove, R., & Walling, A. D. (2006). Pancreatic cancer: diagnosis and management. American family physician, 73(3), 485–492.

7. Gudsnuk, K., & Champagne, F. A. (2012). Epigenetic Influence of Stress and the Social Environment. ILAR Journal, 53(3-4), 279-288. doi:10.1093/ilar.53.3-4.279

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13. Klein, A.P., Wolpin, B.M., Risch, H.A. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 9, 556 (2018). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02942-5

14. Lola Rahib, Benjamin D. Smith, Rhonda Aizenberg, et al. Projecting Cancer Incidence and Deaths to 2030: The Unexpected Burden of Thyroid, Liver, and Pancreas Cancers in the United States. Cancer Research. 2014. Doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-015

15. Marsit, C. J. (2015). Influence of environmental exposure on human epigenetic regulation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(1), 71-79. doi:10.1242/jeb.106971

16. Michael Orth, Philipp Metzger, Sabine Gerum, et al.  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiation Oncology. 2018. doi:10.1186/s13014-019-1345-6 

17. Scarton, L., Yoon, S., Oh, S., Agyare, E., Trevino, J., Han, B., Lee, E., Setiawan, V. W., Permuth, J. B., Schmittgen, T. D., Odedina, F. G., & Wilkie, D. J. (2018). Pancreatic Cancer Related Health Disparities: A Commentary. Cancers, 10(7), 235. doi:10.3390/cancers10070235

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Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme is a malignant grade 4 brain tumor that is almost always fatal and is typically characterized by the excessive growth of necrotic areas within the tumor’s microenvironment. Therefore, the relationship between healthy tumor cells and spread of necrotic tumor cells from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project (IvyGAP) database was analyzed using ImageJ both linearly and within the fractal dimension to assess growth predictability. Both the linear regression (y = 6.99x + 490000 µm) and fractal dimension complexity value regression (y = -7.01x + 40.8 µm) were found to be significant (p < 0.5), demonstrating a future possibility of predicting tumor growth spread based on necrotic growth, possibly due to necrotic area being interrelated to tumor vasculature. If necrotic area growth can be mathematically characterized by healthy tumor cell area growth, glioblastoma multiforme disease stage development may be better predicted prior to tumor cell expansion, resulting in better means to prevent further proliferation of the disease.

Keywords:  loneliness, social isolation, resilience, whole school, whole community, whole child, mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy, social support, community dogs, mental health

References

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2. Necrotic cells influence migration and invasion of glioblastoma via NF-κB/AP-1-mediated IL-8 regulation. Scientific Reports, 6, 24552.

3. Alfonso, J. C. L., Talkenberger, K., Seifert, M., Klink, B., Hawkins-Daarud, A., Swanson, K. R., Hatzikirou, H., & Deutsch, A. (2017). The biology and mathematical modelling of glioma invasion: a review. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society, 14(136). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0490

4. Allen Institute for Brain Science (2015). Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project.Glioblastoma.alleninstitute.org

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19. Histological Characterization of the Tumorigenic “Peri-Necrotic Niche” Harboring Quiescent Stem-Like Tumor Cells in Glioblastoma. In PLOS ONE (Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. e0147366). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147366

20. Johansson, E., Grassi, E. S., Pantazopoulou, V., Tong, B., Lindgren, D., Berg, T. J., Pietras, E. J., Axelson, H., & Pietras, A. (2017). CD44 Interacts with HIF-2α to Modulate the Hypoxic Phenotype of Perinecrotic and Perivascular Glioma Cells. In Cell Reports (Vol. 20, Issue 7, pp. 1641–1653)

Abstract: Treatment refraction is a hallmark of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), occurring in almost 80% of patients after initial response to current treatment modalities. The aggressive nature of this cancer and 5-year survival rate of less than 5% in patients necessitates further research to understand resistive mechanisms, identify biomarkers, and mitigate poor prognosis. Single cell RNA sequencing datasets of untreated and DNA damage repair inhibitor (DDRi) treated samples were obtained through the Gene Expression Omnibus. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify upregulated pathways, elucidating resistive mechanisms present in treated, relapsed samples. Prominent genes in the leading edge subset of GSEA were visualized in RStudio and analyzed in GEPIA2 for their impact on survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway and TGF Beta Signaling pathway were two upregulated gene sets shared by both treatment types. Shared leading edge subset genes of the ROS pathway included TXN, TXNRD1, NDUFB4, and LAMTOR5, which allow cancerous cells to evade apoptosis and promote cell proliferation. Shared leading edge subset genes of the TGF Beta Signaling pathway included HDAC1, CTNNB1, and SLC20A1, which promote epithelial mesenchymal transitions, suppressed immune response, and increased tumor growth. This study identifies novel genes that play a role in the development of treatment refraction in SCLC, and further experimentation may validate their potential as therapeutic targets to resensitize tumors. 

KEYWORDS: lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, oncology, bioinformatics, genomics

References

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3. Böttger, F., Semenova, E. A., Song, J., Ferone, G., Vliet, J. V., Cozijnsen, M., . . . Berns, A. (2019). Tumor heterogeneity underlies differential cisplatin sensitivity in mouse models of small-cell lung cancer. Cell Reports, 27(11). doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.057

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5. Colak, S., & Dijke, P. T. (2017). Targeting TGF-β Signaling in Cancer. Trends in Cancer, 3(1), 56-71. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2016.11.008

6. Du, J., Li, Y., Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Shen, Y., Xu, F., & Chen, Y. (2020). Selective application of neuroendocrine markers in the diagnosis and treatment of small cell lung cancer. Clinica  Chimica Acta, 509, 295-303. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.037

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